RYA Tactics
The perfect Tactical xmas present for your helm or crew
Personally signed by the author
RYA Tactics by Mark Rushall sheds a new light on the complexities of sailboat racing. No other sport requires the combination of so many elements – preparation, strategy, speed, tuning and most importantly tactics. However, it’s good tactics which can so often be that elusive missing skill.
As one of the sports top tacticians and coaches, and 2006 RYA Squad Coach of the Year, Mark’s book will help you sail better and improve your results. With easy to follow and logical diagrams, this book breaks new ground in presenting this essential and complex element of our sport.
“Covering almost every conceivable tactical situation, the book is a real tour de force by Rushall….yet comprises one of the easiest to read tactical situation books we have come across.” The Daily Sail, 1 May 07
“This book has come about from years of sailing and coaching at the highest level by an extremely analytical person. Mark …. is one of those annoying people who learnt from every sailing / coaching experience and has built an extensive memory bank of tactical scenarios and understanding.”
Chips Howarth, Fireball World Champion 2005
Tactics is the most comprehensive and accessible guide to racing yet. Providing an awesome and unique insight of sailboat tactics, it breaks down the race to tell you exactly what to think about, how and when to do it, and most importantly, why you should be doing it! No matter what your level of racing experience, you’ll have something to learn from Mark Rushall….”
Georgie Corlett, Editor, Dinghy Sailing Magazine
Start your 2008 season ready prepared and don’t go afloat without having read RYA Tactics.
Order your personally signed copy from www.rushall.net or for UK delivery send a cheque for £16 including P&P to:
Mark Rushall Tactics
Watermark Offices, 8 Lumley Gardens, Lumley Road, Emsworth, Hants, PO10 8AG, UK
International orders – please email tactics@rushall.net and postage rates will be advised.
Also available from www.rya.org.uk and most leading chandleries and book stores.
ENDS
Dinghy Sailing
On a Neilson dinghy sailing holiday, everyone is welcome, from complete beginners to enthusiastic improvers and accomplished experts looking for sunshine and the best conditions. Our approach to dinghy sailing tuition, and the type and quantity of equipment varies from club to club, ensuring that whatever your needs we have a holiday to suit your requirements perfectly.
Sailing means many things to different people. Some like to potter around over crystal clear waters while others crave the excitement of zooming across the waves on a high performance skiff.
Whatever your level of experience, the sense of freedom that comes from sailing is hard to beat. We offer the best boats, instructors and sailing areas together with free RYA training courses, enabling you to step aboard and take advantage of our 25 years of sailing experience.
Dinghy Sailing Tuition
National Sailing Scheme
We work closely with the RYA in developing the National Sailing Scheme. This progressive approach to tuition provides a tried-and-tested way to learn to sail. Holidays shouldn’t feel like school, so we endeavour to make everything from your first taster to high performance race techniques, as much fun as possible!
Start Sailing - Level 1
Great for those new to learn to sail holidays, Level 1 provides a comprehensive introduction to dinghy sailing. It is designed to get you on the water using modern, single-handed dinghies and requires no previous experience.
The course covers a wide variety of skills to enable you to sail confidently such as; wind awareness, rigging basics, knots and sailing theory.
Start Sailing is available in all of our centres.
Basic Skills - Level 2
Level 2 aims to fine-tune the skills and boat handling manoeuvres learnt at Level 1. The course sets out the foundations of sailing with the aim of producing competent light wind sailors who are able to sail and make informed decisions in good conditions.
You can expect to learn more advanced techniques in a variety of craft including; rigging according to weather conditions, coming alongside a moored boat, capsize recovery and essential safety background.
Try Finikounda – Great for the progressing beginner. Holiday sailing at it’s best!
Seamanship Skills
Moving on from Basic Skills, the main focus of this course is fine-tuning skills already learnt and boat handling manoeuvres, whilst increasing your self-reliance and decision making skills.
Day Sailing
We are able to endorse most sections of this course, enabling competent sailors to confidently plan and execute a safe day cruise, aspects covered include pilotage, interpretation of charts and use of GPS.
Finikounda is the main place to go for day sailing.
Sailing with Spinnakers
Sailing with Spinnakers teaches you how to sail a dinghy rigged with an asymmetric or symmetric spinnaker and some trapezing.
Try Porto Heli for a fantastic destination for a sailing holiday with tuition.
Start Racing
You will learn to race a variety of craft from single handers to performance boats. The aim is to gain a good understanding of the rules and techniques of racing, including the course and starting sequence, boat preparation, tactics and racing rules.
Performance Sailing
This is an advanced course for experienced sailors using high performance craft and covers a range of sessions including rigging, tuning, teamwork, trapezing, hiking, tacking and downwind sailing.
Porto Heli is the ideal place for performance sailing.
Dinghy Sailing Equipment
Advances in design and technology have continued to make dinghy sailing easier and more enjoyable than ever before. We've selected tghe best craft from leading British manufacturers Laser and RS, equipping our clubs with a range of kit to suit local wind and conditions.
Laser Funboats
Stable, safe and fun! Perfect for children. Available in all centres except Dahab
Laser Pico
A perfect beginners’ boat with easy-to-use controls. Available in all centres
Laser 1
The classic Olympic class single hander. Exciting sailing. Available in all centres except Vassiliki
Laser 2000
A popular boat for families and friends looking for a stable hull but no shortage of features.
Available in Halkidiki, Sivota, Ortakent, Finikounda and Porto Heli,
Laser 3000
A performance machine ideally suited to teenagers and lighter crews. Fast action with a spinnaker and trapeze. Available in Finikounda
Laser Bahia
A stable and spacious cockpit with space for up to 5 adults, together with a light hull and large gennaker makes a great day sail and cruising boat, with a performance edge.
Available in Lemnos and Lesvos
Laser 4000
Serious fun in the fast lane. A high performance skiff with adjustable racks and a large sail area. With tuition and practice, the 4000 flies. Available in Finikounda and Porto Heli
Laser Stratos
A good size family cruiser, the Stratos is ideal for day sailing, combining stability and performance features.Available in Lemnos, Lesvos, Halkidiki, Finikounda and Porto Heli
Laser Vago XD
Unmatched handling, versatility and exhilarating performance are harnessed by Laser in a unique modern design with high spec sails and trapeze. Available in Lemnos, Lesvos and Dahab
Dart 16
A popular catamaran equally at home pottering around on a day sail or on a trapezing joyride. The Dart 16 is a firm favourite in our centres. Available in all centres
Optimist
The definitive youth racer, the Optimist has traditionally been the first step on the road to success for competitive young sailors. Available in Porto Heli and Finikounda
RS Feva
A versatile dinghy, introducing several advanced features on a user friendly craft suited to younger sailors.Available in Finikounda, Porto Heli, Lemnos and Lesvos
RS 200
An easy to sail dinghy that brings the excitement of asymmetric sailing to everybody, including lighter sailors and youngsters. Available in Porto Heli
RS 400
LDC’s modern classic, a hiking asymmetric. The ultimate choice for the ambitious improver.
Available in Porto Heli
RS 500
Exciting performance with a simple user friendly layout and easy handling.Available in Porto Heli
RS 800
An exciting high performance skiff with twin trapeze that is remarkably easy for competent sailors to master.Available in Porto Heli and Finikounda
29er
A fast, exciting ride, the 29er is a high performance boat ideally suited to light weight sailors and youth racing.Available in Porto Heli
Children and Sailing Holidays
Hot Shots provides RYA tuition for 8-12 year olds whilst Starfish, Sea Urchins, Surfbusters and Sharksters provide fun for younger children and those less inclined to get out on the water.
Hot Shots
The water based activity club, for those that want it all: sailing, windsurfing, kayaking, snorkelling and plenty of sunshine, Hot Shots is the place to be.
Our fully qualified instructors help your youngsters master new skills and get first timers confident in no time at all. In-fact all our RYA qualified instructors will help your Hot Shots improve quickly, with the RYA Youth Sailing Awards, available to those who want to prove their skills.
When not out on the water, Hot Shots enjoy loads of land-based activities and making new friends has never been easier.
If your children are particularly interested in dinghy sailing, they will benefit from choosing a resort that specialises in that particular activity, such as Porto Heli
Hot Shots is open to all children ages 8-12 years and is available for a supplement of £80-£150 per week with the second week half price.
Where to go
Hot Shots is avilable in Lemnos, Finikounda, Vassiliki, Porto Heli and Dahab.
When not in our clubs, children under the age of 13 are welcome to windsurf with their parents. Children must be 13 years or over before they can join the adult windsurfing programme.
Flotilla Holidays
Flotilla Holidays - Another day. Another destination.
Explore hidden treasures every day; share your adventures in the evening with fellow sailors.
Life on flotilla is a holiday that just gets better every day.
Flotilla sailing holidays allow you to enjoy the independence of sailing your very own yacht from port to port during the day, but you also get to choose between pleasant evenings in the warm company of your fellow sailors, or spending them peacefully on your own deck.
On arrival
The Neilson Team will be there to greet you on arrival and show you to your yacht. Your lead crew will then join you on board to answer any questions you may have, show you where everything is and just check that everything is ship shape.
The remainder of the afternoon and evening is then yours to spend as you wish - enjoy a refreshing drink on deck, get to know some of your fellow sailors, explore the local area or stock up on any additional provisioning you require. You are then fully prepared for the start of your adventure the following day.
A day in the life…
As the morning sun peeps over your bow, your lead crew will join you for a chat about the day ahead, confirming the evening’s destination together with some great places to explore and idyllic lunch stops. Then as soon as everything’s ready, you’re free to slip your lines and set sail.
It’s entirely up to you and your crew how you reach your destination. You may want to race there before everybody else or meander there, anchoring for a lunch break and swim in a secluded bay. With the yacht to yourself, the day is yours to enjoy as you please. And if you wish to hook up with other parties on your flotilla they’re just a VHF radio call away - as is your lead crew, in case you need any help or advice.
As the afternoon drifts into evening and you glide into port, your lead crew will be waiting ashore to help you into your mooring, catch your lines and point out the location of shower facilities, bars and tavernas at your latest destination.
As the sun sets, you can settle in at one of the local tavernas, swapping stories with your fellow sailors over a bottle of wine and a hearty local meal. Of course, if all that sailing and sightseeing has taken it out of you, you can simply stay on your yacht and cook a meal in your own galley. That’s the beauty of flotilla holidays.
Your Yachting Experience
Our flotilla holidays in Greece and Croatia flotilla holidays require varying levels of confidence and experience due to the different routes and wind conditions in each area. It is important you select the right area for your party to ensure your safety and enjoyment.
The minimum experience we require on a flotilla holiday is that at least two people aboard each yacht are aged 18 years or over and must have had several day's active experience in charge of a yacht.
If this level of experience cannot be satisfied a Stay and Sail holiday, coupled with an Introduction to Yachting or Brush Up training course should be completed
Skippered Charter
If you want to regain your confidence afloat or just share the beginning of your flotilla with a like-minded sailor then you can pre book a member of the Neilson yacht team to join you on a skippered charter. They will spend the day with you, sailing from one place to another before retiring to the lead boat in the evening, allowing your party the privacy to enjoy some time alone. This option is available for one to three days for a supplement of £100 per yacht per day.
Please note, this option is not suitable for beginners who should complete an Introduction to Yachting course.
Bareboat Charter
Our Bareboat sailing holidays gives more experienced sailors the freedom to sail where, when and however they please. No itinerary, no set routes and no one to bother you. Bareboat holidays are the ultimate getaway.
Plot your own route around the many picturesque bays, lively little harbour towns and fishing villages scattered about the coastlines of our huge sailing areas. Spend as long as you like at any stop, return to your favourite places over and over, or keep on the move to discover something new around every point.
Of course, since you’re with Neilson you’ll still have the benefit of our expertise. Before you depart, our bareboat co-ordinator will go through the route you’ve planned, pointing out the highlights of your journey. And it’s always worth picking their brains, because they often have a nugget of advice that could really make your holiday. And naturally, they’ll also call or text you each morning to pass on weather conditions and check that everything on the yacht is as it should be.
All of our Bareboat holidays are provided with the following:
• Full tanks of diesel, water and gas
• Marine insurance
• Flights and transfers
• Comprehensive tools and spares
• A quick fix manual for everyday repair and maintenance
• Handheld GPS
• Additional charts and pilot book
• Mobile phone and charger
• Extra warps
• Starter pack
• No damage waiver or deposit to pay
Bareboat Holidays support Includes:
• A dedicated bareboat co-ordinator
• A full skipper and engineer’s briefing
• Details of all flotilla routes, staff and contact numbers
Experience Levels
When booking bareboat holidaywe ask that at least two people aboard are aged 18 years or over and have plenty of sailing knowledge and experience, having been in charge of a sailing vessel for several cruises, possibly on previous flotilla holidays. Both must be comfortable sailing in a range of conditions. If this level of experience cannot be satisfied, a flotilla holiday may be more appropriate.
Sail Training Courses
Yacht Training Courses
It’s not as hard as you might imagine to pick up the skills to navigate a yacht around the Mediterranean coastline. With our tried and tested courses and fantastic yacht trainers, you will be sailing with confidence in no time at all. We offer a number of courses to suit all ages and abilities.
Introduction to Yachting - four days
A course designed to be fun but informative, equipping complete beginners with the knowledge and skills necessary to skipper their own yacht on flotilla.
The syllabus we follow is based on the RYA Keelboat Level 2 certificate. After having completed the course, followed by a second week on flotilla, most new sailors will be awarded their RYA Level 2 certificate.
The skills needed can be learnt in four days with tuition from our Royal Yachting Association qualified instructors. Whilst covering the necessary manoeuvres you will be hopping from pontoon to quayside to bay to harbour. Occasionally stopping for picnics, taverna lunches or swimming, there will be time to digest all that you are learning at a relaxed but steady pace.
A maximum of five guests will train per yacht with an instructor.
At the end of your course you’ll feel confident and competent enough to skipper your own yacht within a flotilla environment. Your lead crew will be aware of your training and will be on hand to offer their full support during your week afloat.
Brush-Up Course - two days
Ideal for those with a basic or fading knowledge of sailing, or experienced dinghy sailors looking to make the step to big boat sailing. This course is tailored around your existing experience and looks to build your ability to sail confidently once more. You will spend two days with one of our RYA instructors who will assist you in practising and reviewing the skills you wish to improve.
The Brush-Up course can also be suitable for confident, advanced dinghy sailors who sail regularly at a high level. This course enables you to transfer your well-practised dinghy skills onto a larger class of boat. Beginner or intermediate dinghy sailors should book the Introduction to Yachting course.
Private Courses - Ideal for Families
Our Private Introduction to Yachting and Brush-Up courses are designed for groups or families who wish to learn together, on the same yacht, up to a maximum of five people. The course content is the same as detailed previously but you are guaranteed to be learning as one group without having to share your training yacht with another party.
The added advantage of a private course is that we can welcome 13 to 15 year olds aboard when accompanied by a parent. Younger sailors will relish the opportunity to learn with their family as a forerunner to the flotilla week of their holiday.
Private courses are priced per yacht at four times the cost of the individual course.
One Week Learn to Sail
If you can only get away on holiday for one week or spending two weeks learning to sail is not an option for you, then our One week Learn to Sail holiday is a perfect solution - half the week will be spent at one of our yacht bases living on your yacht whilst learning to sail on the Introduction to Yachting course. For the second part of the week, you will join your fellow sailors on flotilla.
Sailing Holidays
Sailing Holidays are great for those who like to remain active on their vacation.
Techniques
Here you will find articles on a variety of different sailing techniques
Plans to drop cats as a youth class
The RYA has recently made submissions to ISAF to remove the catamaran as a youth boat for 2009, and to remove the catamaran as an Olympic boat for 2012.
These submissions by the RYA were made without any consultation with the sailing community. We request that the submissions are withdrawn before the ISAF conference in early November and replaced by alternative submissions which support the use of catamarans both in future Olympics (2012 and beyond) and for youth training.
Sign the online petition here
CATAMARANS OUT OF OLYMPICS
Amazingly the ISAF Council voted the Multihull out after the Events Committee had recommended that the cats stay in.
With a drive towards making sailing more media and TV friendly this is surely a retrospective step, particularly as the so called experts were in favour.
starter Boat for 7 year old
My sister wants to get her seven year old into sailing, the Oppi would seem to be the obvious choice but waht about some of the newer designs like Tera, Taz, Open etc ?
Any real life experiences of these ?
Dinghy Sailing in the Midlands
OK a bit cold this time of year
, but I am looking for ideaas for presents for my partner.
He is now in to Dinghy Sailing after a Sailing Holiday, any suggestions for Sailing Clubs or Sailing Schools in the Midlands
Sailing Holidays
Ok help required, girl friend just arrived home for pile of holiday brochures. Usual girlie things of lying on the beach. I really want to do a sailing holiday, try out some new boats etc, can anyone help with experiences of Sunsail type holidays ?
New to Dinghy Sailing
I am looking to start Dinghy Sailing in the new year, will I learn anything by going to the boat show ?, or are there any good sailing magazines to read ?
Catamaran Sailing
Is catamaran sailing better than dinghy sailing?
Yacht Charter
Although I love dinghy sailing, thought I would try some yachting. Some friends are looking at bareboat charter.
Laser 4.7, Radial or Laser Standard
Thinking about a new sailing dinghy after my Topper Lasers seem to be the most popular, but am I best with 4.7 or Radial, what about the Olympic one
Sailing in Spain
Where is the best place for sailing in Spain
BBC Sport Personality of Year
Very disappointing not to see any sailors or any sailing action covered on last night's awards. Plenty of successes this year
Sailing Videos
We have now included videos of sailing action, these can be found at
Then click on a class
Enjoy
Winter Sailing Clothing
Gosh wasn't it cold this weekend, my hands were really frozen, any ideas of the best winter sailing gloves ?
I need something that will keep my hands warm but I can still use the sheets
NEW Boats for Sale and Gear For Sale Section
SailRacer now has a new For Sale section, here you will find 000s of items For Sale
You can advertsie for FREE, now is the time of year to clear out your garage of all those unused sailing items. There are sections for Boats, Sails, Gear, Clothing, Trailers and TrolleysWhy have the RYA decided to launch a race results
In the past, the RYA have asked clubs to send in their data at the end of every year. The data captured is limited and often open to subjectivity and goes through little validation by the RYA before being used in the statistical number crunching. After a very detailed review of the PYS by the RYA, it was highlighted that the data been captured by the RYA was become less and less meaningful, which was being reflected in the declining amount of returns being received by the RYA.
By launching the RYA Race results website, in collaboration with Simon Lovesey and SailRacer, the RYA are starting to increase the accuracy and meaningfulness of the data being collected by going straight to the source; individual race results. By asking clubs to upload their race results, the RYA are getting raw race data. The raw race data is also being subjected to an analysis in accordance with the RYA guidelines, which again increases the accuracy of the data being returned.
In summary, the RYA hope to collect more data, which is more meaningful to clubs as well as nationally, and start to increase the sailing publics confidence in the system and the numbers published by the RYA.
Problem with Race Dates
Using Sailwave, I've combined all the results from every series (some 40 races) and purged any duplicates, etc. and uploaded the file via Sailwave to the site.
When I try to import each race file I get the 'Enter Race Date' message. No matter what I try it gets rejected. The error messages shows any date either entered or chosen from the Calendar as 1/12/2010 for example 1-DEC-2009=1/12/2010.
I've tried to confuse the transformation by a date combination that might give me 12/1/2010 but with no success.
The dates of the races do not matter, but each race does need manual changes before benchmarking.
How do I get around this??
Barry McGibbon
Lyme Regis Sailing Club
{{For
other places of the same name
Naples (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Italian comune
name = Naples
official_name = Comune di Napoli
native_name = Napoli
image_skyline = Napoli5.jpg
imagesize =
image_alt =
image_caption = Panorama of Naples
image_shield = CoA Città di Napoli.svg
shield_alt =
image_map =
map_alt =
map_caption =
pushpin_label_position =
pushpin_map_alt =
latd = 40
latm = 50
lats =
latNS = N
longd = 14
longm = 15
longs =
longEW = E
coordinates_type =
coordinates_display = title
coordinates_footnotes =
region = Campania
province = Province of Naples
Naples (NA)
frazioni =
mayor_party = Democratic Party
mayor = Rosa Russo Jervolino
area_footnotes =
area_total_km2 = 117.27
population_footnotes = <ref>‘City’ population (i.e. that of the ''comune'' or municipality) from [http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2009gen/index.html=Montlhy demopgrahic balance: Januray-April 2009], Istituto Nazionale di Statistica
ISTAT.</ref>
population_total = 962638
population_as_of = 30 April 2009
pop_density_footnotes =
population_demonym = Napoletani
elevation_footnotes =
elevation_m = 17
twin1 =
twin1_country =
saint = Januarius
day = September 19
postal_code = 80100, 80121-80147
area_code = 081
website = {{official
http://www.comune.napoli.it}}
footnotes = }} '''Naples''' ({{lang-it
Napoli}} {{audio
It-Napoli.ogg
<small>listen</small>}}, {{IPA-it
'na(?)poli
pron}}, Neapolitan language
Neapolitan: ''Napule'') is a city in Italy; it is the capital (political)
capital of the region of Campania and of the province of Naples. The city is known for its rich history, art, culture, architecture, music and gastronomy, playing an primate city
important role in the country's history and beyond <ref>{{cite book
first=Vittorio
last=Gleijeses
title= The History of Naples, since Origins to Modern Times
location=Naples
year=1977 }}</ref> throughout much of its existence, which began more than 2,800 years ago. Naples is located halfway between two volcanic areas, the volcano Mount Vesuvius and the Campi Flegrei
Phlegraean Fields, sitting on the coast by the Gulf of Naples. Founded in the 8th century BC,<ref>{{cite web
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html
title=Greek Naples
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
date=
accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> as a Greek colony, before under the name of ''Parthenope'', and later ''Neapolis
Neápolis'' (New City), Naples is one of the List of cities by time of continuous habitation
oldest cities in the world, and it held an important role in ''Magna Graecia'' and then as part of the Roman Republic in the central province of the Roman Empire
Empire. The city has seen a multitude of civilizations come and go, each leaving their mark: now the historic city centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Naples was preeminently the capital city of a kingdom which bore its name from 1282 until 1816 in the form of the Kingdom of Naples, then in union with Kingdom of Sicily
Sicily it was the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Two Sicilies until the Italian unification. Naples has profoundly influenced many areas of Europe and beyond.<ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.unesco.it/patrimonio/elenco/napoli.htm
title=Centro Storico di Napoli
publisher=Unesco.it
date=
accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> The city proper has a population of around 1 million people: Naples is the most densely populated major city in Italy. The population of Larger Urban Zones
urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 2.25 million, while the Naples metropolitan area, according to different sources, is the List of cities in Italy by population
second after the Milan metropolitan area (with 4,434,136 inhabitants according to SVIMEZ DATA<ref>{{cite web
url=http://users.libero.it/domenico.smarrazzo/studio.PDF
title=Seminario-aprile2001.PDF
format=PDF
date=
accessdate=2009-07-19}}</ref> or 4,996,084 according to CENSIS INSTITUTE<ref>http://www.censis.it/files/Rapporto_annuale/2008/2_societa_italiana_2008.pdf</ref>) or the third (3.1 million inhabitants according to OECD<ref>{{cite web
url=http://213.253.134.43/oecd/pdfs/browseit/0406041E.PDF
format=PDF
title=Competitive Cities in the Global Economy
author=OECD
accessdate=2009-04-30}}</ref>) most populated metropolitan area in Italy. Naples is ranked fourth in Italy, for economic strength, after Rome, Milan and Turin. Naples is a thriving and cosmopolitan metropolis, and is the world's 91st richest city by purchasing power, with a GDP of $43 billion, surpassing the economies of Budapest and Zürich.<ref name="citymayors.com">{{cite web
url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html
title=City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005
publisher=Citymayors.com
date=2007-03-11
accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> The port of Naples is also one of the most important in Europe. Even though the city has had a remarkable economic growth, and unemployment levels in Campania and the city have decreased since 1999,<ref name="epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu">{{cite web
url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tgs00010
title=Site3-TGM table
publisher=Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
date=
accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> Naples is unfortunately still characterized by political and economic Political corruption
corruption and a thriving black market empire. Italian mega-companies, such as MSC Cruises
MSC, are headquartered in the city. Since 1958, the city hosts the Center Rai of Naples (media), while in the Bagnoli discrict there is a NATO base. Naples is also full member of Eurocities network of European cities.<ref>{{cite web
author=Eurocities
url=http://www.eurocities.eu/main.php
title=EUROCITIES - the network of major European cities
publisher=Eurocities.eu
date=
accessdate=2010-02-03}}</ref> Naples was the Bombing of Naples in World War II
most bombed Italian city of World War II.<ref name="wii">{{cite news
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Naples%20bombing.htm
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
title=Bombing of Naples
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> In the twentieth century, first under Fascism and reconstruction following the Second World War built much of the periphery. In recent decades, Naples has adopted a business district (the Centro Direzionale) with skyscrapers and infrastructure such as the TGV in Rome or in a subway expansion: it will include half of the region. The metropolis will host the International Astronautical Congress
IAC 2012<ref>{{cite web
author=Manuela Proietti
url=http://www.diregiovani.it/gw/producer/dettaglio.aspx?id_doc=31468
title=Expo 2012, Napoli capitale dello spazio| Iniziative | DIREGIOVANI
publisher=Diregiovani.it
date=
accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref> and the Universal Forum of Cultures 2013. The city is also synonymous with pizza, which originated in the city. A strong part of Neapolitan culture which has had wide reaching effects is music of Naples
music, including the invention of the romantic guitar and the mandolin as well as strong contributions to opera and Canzone Napoletana
folk standards. There are popular characters and figures who have come to symbolise Naples; these include the patron saint of the city Januarius, Pulcinella, and the Sirens from the Homeric Greek
epic Greek poem the ''Odyssey''. == History == {{Main
History of Naples}} === Greek birth, Roman acquisition === {{Main
Magna Graecia
Ancient Rome}} File:Odysseus-Sirens.jpg
thumb
Scene featuring History of Naples#Naples in the Ancient Era and in Late Antiquity
Parthenope, a siren and Greek mythology
mythological founder of Naples.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://chabadnapoli.com/travel.aspx
publisher=Chadab Napoli
title=Center of Naples, Italy
date=2007-06-24}}</ref> The history of the city can be traced back to the 8th century BC when inhabitants of the nearby Greek colony Cumae founded a city called History of Naples#Naples in the Ancient Era and in Late Antiquity
Parthenope; Cumae itself had been founded by people from Euboea, Greece.<ref name = "greeknaples"/> The exact reasons for doing so are not known for certain, but the Cumaeans built Neapolis (meaning New City) next to the old Parthenope. Around this time they had held off invasion attempts from the Etruscan civilization
Etruscans.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.archeona.arti.beniculturali.it/sanc_en/napoli.html
publisher=Archeona.arti.beniculturali.it
title=Napoli (Neapolis)
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The new city grew thanks to the influence of powerful Greek city-state Syracuse, Sicily
Siracusa and at some point the new and old cities on the Gulf of Naples merged together to become one.<ref name="greeknaples">{{cite news
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Greek_Naples.html
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
title=Greek Naples
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The city became an ally of the Roman Republic against Carthage; the strong walls surrounding Neapolis stopped invader Hannibal from entering.<ref name = "rome"/> During the Samnite Wars, the city, now a bustling centre of trade, was Capture of Neapolis
captured by the Samnium
Samnites; however, the Romans soon took it from them and made Neapolis a Colonies in antiquity
Roman colony.<ref name = "rome"/> The city was greatly respected by the Romans as a place of Hellenistic civilization
Hellenistic culture: the people maintained their Greek language and customs; elegant villas, aqueducts, Thermae
public baths, an odeon (building)
odeon, a theatre and the Castor and Pollux
Temple of Dioscures were built, and many powerful emperors chose to holiday in the city including Claudius and Tiberius.<ref name="rome">{{cite news
url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_1.html
publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com
title=Antic Naples
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> It was during this period that Christianity came to Naples; Apostle (Christian)
apostles Saint Peter
St. Peter and Saint Paul
St. Paul are said to have preached in the city. Also, Januarius
St. Januarius, who would become Naples' patron saint, was martyred there.<ref name="catholi">{{ws
"s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Naples
Naples" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}}</ref> Last emperor of Western Roman Empire, Romulus Augustulus, was sent in exile in Naples by king Odoacer. === Duchy of Naples === {{Main
Byzantine Empire
Duchy of Naples
List of Dukes of Naples}} File:Mons Lactarius.jpg
thumb
Battle of Mons Lactarius
Gothic War on Mount Vesuvius
Vesuvius. Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire, Naples was captured by the Ostrogoths, a East Germanic tribes
Germanic people, and incorporated into the Ostrogothic Kingdom.<ref name="ostrogoths">{{cite book
last = Wolfram
first = Herwig
title =The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples
publisher = University of California Press
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=F33naMdrcs8C&pg=PA238&dq=mons+lactarius+naples&sig=1a6noOFIVNfvO_3vVYIKYPUWGTo
isbn = 978-0520085114}}</ref> However, Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire (also known as the Eastern Roman Empire) took the city back in 536, after famously entering the city via the aqueduct.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_belisarius.htm
publisher=About.com
title=Belisarius - Famous Byzantine General
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The Gothic War (535–554)
Gothic Wars waged on, and Totila briefly took the city for the Ostrogoths in 543, before, finally, the Battle of Mons Lactarius on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius
Vesuvius decided Byzantine rule.<ref name="ostrogoths"/> Naples was expected to keep in contact with the Exarchate of Ravenna, which was the centre of Byzantine power on the Italian Peninsula
Italian peninsula.<ref name="byz">{{cite book
last = Kleinhenz
first = Christopher
title =Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
publisher = Routledge
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&pg=PA755&lpg=PA755&dq=duchy+of+naples&source=web&ots=KbjJ93K_lo&sig=J2agMnJJ_Kxn_RJS-tTjKCaJQ6A
isbn = 978-0415221269}}</ref> After the exarchate fell a Duchy of Naples was created; though Naples continued with its Greco-Roman world
Greco-Roman culture, it eventually switched allegiance under Duke Stephen II of Naples
Stephen II to Rome rather than Constantinople, putting it under Pope
papal suzerainty by 763.<ref name="byz">{{cite book
last = Kleinhenz
first = Christopher
title =Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
publisher = Routledge
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&pg=PA755&lpg=PA755&dq=duchy+of+naples&source=web&ots=KbjJ93K_lo&sig=J2agMnJJ_Kxn_RJS-tTjKCaJQ6A
isbn = 978-0415939294}}</ref> File:Kaiser Heinrich II. läßt Fürst Pandulf IV. von Capua gefangensetzen.jpg
thumb
left
120px
Pandulf IV of Capua
Pandulf IV <small>(right)</small>. The years between 818 and 832 were a particularly confusing period in regard to Naples' relation with the List of Byzantine emperors
Byzantine Emperor, with feuding between local pretenders to the ducal throne.<ref name="duchy">{{cite book
last = McKitterick
first = Rosamond
authorlink = Rosamond McKitterick
title =The New Cambridge Medieval History
publisher = Cambridge University Press
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=2SBRqpIVtEUC&pg=PA755&lpg=PA755&dq=duchy+of+naples&source=web&ots=KbjJ93K_lo&sig=J2agMnJJ_Kxn_RJS-tTjKCaJQ6A
isbn = 978-0521853606}}</ref> Theoctistus of Naples
Theoctistus was appointed without imperial approval; this was later revoked and List of Dukes of Naples
Theodore II took his place. However, the general populance chased him from the city and instead elected Stephen III of Naples
Stephen III, a man who minted coins with his own initials not that of the Byzantine Emperor. Naples gained complete independence by 840.<ref name="duchy"/> The duchy was under direct control of Lombards for a brief period, after the capture by Pandulf IV of Capua
Pandulf IV of the Principality of Capua, long term rival of Naples; however this only lasted three years before the culturally Greco-Roman influenced dukes were reinstated.<ref name="duchy"/> By the 11th century, like many territories in the area, Naples hired Normans
Norman merecenaries, the Christian Kinship
descendants of the Vikings, to battle their rivals; Duke Sergius IV of Naples
Sergius IV hired Rainulf Drengot to battle Capua for him.<ref>{{cite book
last = Bradbury
first = Jim
authorlink = Jim Bradbury
title =The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare
publisher = Routledge
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=1C54r8GgrUIC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Sergius+IV+hired+Rainulf+Drengot&source=web&ots=i-J7gh9jGv&sig=i0XA6sqxRqXRWrn7sSLLdUPznGo
isbn = 978-0415221269}}</ref> By 1137, the Normans had grown hugely in influence, controlling previous independent principalities and duchies such as Principality of Capua
Capua, Duchy of Benevento
Benevento, Principality of Salerno
Salerno, Duchy of Amalfi
Amalfi, Duchy of Sorrento
Sorrento and Duchy of Gaeta
Gaeta; it was in this year that Naples, the last independent duchy in the southern part of the peninsula, came under Norman control. The last ruling duke of the duchy Sergius VII of Naples
Sergius VII was forced to surrender to Roger II of Sicily
Roger II, who had proclaimed himself List of monarchs of Sicily
King of Sicily seven years earlier; this saw Naples joining the Kingdom of Sicily, where Palermo was the capital.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-542840/Kingdom-of-Sicily
publisher=Britannica.com
title=Kingdom of Sicily, or Trinacria
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> === The Kingdom === ==== Norman to Angevin ==== {{Main
Kingdom of Sicily
Kingdom of Naples
List of monarchs of Naples}} File:Naples-Castel Nuovo.jpg
thumb
Early kings ruled from Castel Nuovo. File:Castelo do Ovo.jpg
thumb
left
180px
The medieval Castel dell'Ovo. After a period as a Norman kingdom, the Kingdom of Sicily was passed on to the House of Hohenstaufen
Hohenstaufens who were a highly powerful Germanic royal house of Swabian origins.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/swabian.html
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
title=Swabian Naples
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> The University of Naples Federico II was founded by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II in the city, the oldest state university in the world, making Naples the intellectual centre of the kingdom.<ref name = "oldestuni"/> Conflict between the Hohenstaufen house and the Pope
Papacy, led in 1266 to Pope Innocent IV crowning Capetian House of Anjou
Angevin Dynasty duke Charles I of Naples
Charles I as the king of the kingdom:<ref name = "dieli"/> Charles officially moved the capital from Palermo to Naples where he resided at the ''Castel Nuovo''.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.planetware.com/naples/castel-nuovo-i-cm-ncn.htm
publisher=PlanetWare.com
title=Naples - Castel Nuovo
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> During this period much Gothic architecture sprang up around Naples, including the Naples Cathedral, which is the main church of the city.<ref>{{cite book
last = Bruzelius
first = Caroline
title ="ad modum franciae": Charles of Anjou and Gothic Architecture in the Kingdom of Sicily
publisher = The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
url =http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-9808(199112)50%3A4%3C402%3A%22MFCOA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G}}</ref> In 1282, after the Sicilian Vespers, the kingdom split in half. The Angevin Kingdom of Naples included the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while the island of Sicily became the Crown of Aragon
Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily.<ref name = "dieli"/> The wars continued until the peace of Caltabellotta in 1302, which saw Frederick III of Sicily
Frederick III recognised as king of the Isle of Sicily, while Charles II of Naples
Charles II was recognised as the king of Naples by Pope Boniface VIII.<ref name="dieli">{{cite news
url=http://www.dieli.net/SicilyPage/History/SicilianHist.html
publisher=Dieli.net
title=Sicilian History
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Despite the split, Naples grew in importance, attracting Republic of Pisa
Pisan and Republic of Genoa
Genoese merchants,<ref>{{cite book
last = Constable
first = Olivia Remie
title =Housing the Stranger in the Mediterranean World: Lodging, Trade, and Travel
publisher = Humana Press
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=y9H7mfxqs7UC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=%22genoese+merchants%22+naples&source=web&ots=Bx7dcQgxoz&sig=C6KlY6JRfpvkQv3kbqYWU-yW6 DM
isbn = 1588291715}}</ref> Tuscany
Tuscan bankers, and with them some of the most championed Italian Renaissance
Renaissance artists of the time, such as Giovanni Boccaccio
Boccaccio, Petrarch and Giotto di Bondone
Giotto.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.naples-city.info/napoli/angioinoeng.htm
publisher=Naples-City.info
title=Angioino Castle, Naples
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> In the midst of the 14. century, The History of Hungary
Hungarian Angevin king , Louis I of Hungary
Louis the Great captured the city several times. Alfonso V of Aragon
Alfonso I conquered Naples after his victory against the last Capetian House of Anjou
Angevin king, René of Anjou
René, Naples was unified for a brief period with Sicily again.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/aragonexp.html
publisher=Zum.de
title= Aragonese Overseas Expansion, 1282-1479
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> ==== Aragonese to Bourbon ==== {{Main
Kingdom of Naples
Parthenopaean Republic
Two Sicilies
Naples Lazzaroni
List of monarchs of the Two Sicilies}} File:Masaniello.jpg
120px
thumb
Revolutionary Masaniello. File:Ferdinand IV of Naples.jpg
thumb
120px
Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand, Bourbon king. Sicily and Naples were separated in 1458 but remained as dependencies of Crown of Aragon
Aragon under Ferdinand I of Naples
Ferrante.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HGLTkBTylpyyN6nRHvHhh1ChNGN38XWmr4 Hzhn5HLhnkkhWHHhXn!602093125?docId=5000263626
publisher=Questia.com
title=Ferrante of Naples: the statecraft of a Renaissance prince
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> The new dynasty enhanced Naples' commerce by establishing relations with the Iberian Peninsula
Iberian peninsula. Naples also became a centre of the Renaissance, with artists such as Francesco Laurana
Laurana, Antonello da Messina
da Messina, Jacopo Sannazaro
Sannazzaro and Poliziano arriving in the city.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_2.html
publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com
title=Naples Middle-Ages
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> During 1501 Naples became under direct rule from Ancien Régime in France
France at the time of Louis XII of France
Louis XII, as Neapolitan king Frederick IV of Naples
Frederick was taken as a prisoner to France; this lasted only four years.<ref name = "spanishnaples"/> Spain won Naples at the Battle of Garigliano (1503)
Battle of Garigliano and, as a result, Naples became under direct rule as part of the Spanish Empire throughout the entire Habsburg Spain period.<ref name = "spanishnaples"/> The Spanish sent viceroys List of viceroys of Naples
to Naples to directly deal with local issues: the most important of which was Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Marquis of Villafranca
Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, who was responsible for considerable social, economic and urban progress in the city; he also supported the Spanish Inquisition
Inquisition.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/toledo.html
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
title=Don Pedro de Toledo
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> File:Napoli Palazzo reale - sala del trono 1040734.JPG
thumb
left
Bourbon Royal Palace (Naples)
Royal Palace, Throne Room. During this period Naples became Europe's second largest city after only Paris.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.fodors.com/world/europe/italy/naples%20&%3B%20pompeii/feature_30006.html
publisher=Fodors.com
title=Naples Through the Ages
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> It was a cultural powerhouse during the Baroque era as home to artists including Caravaggio, Salvator Rosa
Rosa and Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Bernini, philosophers such as Bernardino Telesio
Telesio, Giordano Bruno
Bruno, Tommaso Campanella
Campanella and Giambattista Vico
Vico, and writers such as Giambattista Marino
Battista Marino. A revolution led by local fisherman Masaniello saw the creation of a brief independent Neapolitan Republic (1647)
Neapolitan Republic, though this lasted only a few months before Spanish rule was regained.<ref name="spanishnaples">{{cite news
url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27691/Italy
publisher=Britannica.com
title=Spanish acquisition of Naples
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> In 1656 the Black Death
plague killed about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/goldenage.htm
title=Naples in the 1600s
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
date=
accessdate=2008-11-03}}</ref> Finally, by 1714, the Spanish ceased to rule Naples as a result of the War of the Spanish Succession; it was the Austrian Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles VI who ruled from Vienna, similarly with viceroys.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/ch/Charles6HRE.html
publisher=Bartleby.com
title=Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> However, the War of the Polish Succession saw the Spanish regain Sicily and Naples as part of a personal union, which in the Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Treaty of Vienna were recognised as independent under a cadet branch of the Spanish House of Bourbon
Bourbons in 1738 under Charles III of Spain
Charles VII.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.realcasadiborbone.it/uk/archiviostorico/cs_04.htm
publisher=RealCasaDiBorbone.it
title= Charles of Bourbon - the restorer of the Kingdom of Naples
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> During the time of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand IV, the French Revolution made its way to Naples: Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
Horatio Nelson, an ally of the Bourbons, even arrived in the city in 1798 to warn against it. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo, where he was protected by a Royal Navy
British fleet.<ref name = "parth"/> Naples' Social class
lower classes the ''Naples Lazzaroni
lazzaroni'' were strongly Piety
pious and Monarchism
Royalist, favouring the Bourbons; in the mêlée that followed, they fought the Neapolitan pro-Italy
Republican aristocracy, causing a civil war.<ref name = "parth"/> The Republicans conquered Sant'Elmo
Castel Sant'Elmo and proclaimed a Parthenopaean Republic, secured by the French Army.<ref name = "parth"/> A counter-revolutionary religious army of ''lazzaroni'' known as the ''sanfedismo
sanfedisti'' under Fabrizio Ruffo was raised; they had great success and the French surrendered the Neapolitan castles and were allowed to sail back to Toulon.<ref name="parth">{{cite news
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/Parthenopean_Republic.html
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
title=The Parthenopean Republic
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Ferdinand IV was restored as king; however, after only seven years Napoleon I of France
Napoleon conquered the kingdom and instated House of Bonaparte
Bonapartist kings including his brother Joseph Bonaparte.<ref name = "bonap"/> With the help of the Austrian Empire and allies, the Bonapartists were defeated in the Neapolitan War and Bourbon Ferdinand IV once again regained the throne and the kingdom.<ref name = "bonap"/> The Congress of Vienna in 1815 saw the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily combined to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Two Sicilies,<ref name="bonap">{{cite news
url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/november/neapolitan1815.htm
publisher=Onwar.com
title=Austria Naples - Neapolitan War 1815
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> with Naples as the capital city. Naples became the first city on the Italian peninsula to have a railway in 1839 with the construction of the Naples–Portici railway line
Naples–Portici line,<ref name = "railway"/> there were many factories throughout the kingdom making it a highly important trade centre.<ref name="bourb">{{cite news
url=http://www.neoborbonici.it/portal/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&Itemid=137
publisher=NeoBorbonici.it
title=Why Neo-Bourbons
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> === Italian unification, present day === After the Expedition of the Thousand led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, culminating in the controversial Siege of Gaeta (1860)
Siege of Gaeta, Naples became part of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
Kingdom of Italy in 1861 as part of the Italian unification, ending Bourbon rule. The kingdom of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Two Sicilies had been wealthy and 80 million ducats were taken from the banks as a contribution to the new Italian treasury, while other former states in the Italian unification were forced to pay far less.<ref name="bourb"/> The economy of the area formerly known as Two Sicilies collapsed, leading to an unprecedented Italian diaspora
wave of emigration,<ref name="modern">{{cite news
url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/magazine/migrations/townsend.html
publisher=OAH.org
title=Italians around the World: Teaching Italian Migration from a Transnational Perspective
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> with estimates claiming at least 4 million of those who left from 1876–1913 were from Naples or near Naples.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0197-9183(199923)33%3A3%3C640%3ASNAMI1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9
publisher=Enrico Moretti
title=Social Networks and Migrations: Italy 1876-1913
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Naples was the Bombing of Naples in World War II
most bombed Italian city of World War II.<ref name="wii"/> Though Neapolitans did not rebel under Italian Fascism
Italian fascism, Naples was the first Italian city to rise up against Nazi Germany
German military occupation; the people rose up and freed their own city completely by October 1, 1943.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://naples.rome-in-italy.com/history_naples_5.html
publisher=Naples.Rome-in-Italy.com
title=Contemporary Time
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> The symbol of the rebirth of Naples was the rebuilding of Santa Chiara (Naples)
Santa Chiara which had been destroyed in a United States Air Force
United States Army Air corps raid.<ref name="wii"/> Special funding from the Italian government's Cassa per il Mezzogiorno
Fund for the South from 1950 to 1984 helped the economy to improve somewhat, including the rejuvenation of the Piazza del Plebiscito and other city landmarks.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.fcpp.org/images/publications/FB049ItalianEqualizationMarch07draft.pdf
format=PDF
publisher=Frontier Center for Public Policy
title=North and South: The Tragedy of Equalization in Italy
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Naples still has some issues, however: high unemployment and the Naples waste management issue, the latter of which the media has attributed to the Camorra organized crime
organised crime network.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6727215.stm
publisher=BBC.co.uk
title=Naples at the mercy of the mob
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Recently, the Politics of Italy
Italian Government under Silvio Berlusconi has held senior meetings in Naples to demonstrate that they intend to tackle these problems once and for all.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=acV5uzL85glM&refer=europe
publisher=Bloomberg.com
title=Berlusconi Takes Cabinet to Naples, Plans Tax Cuts, Crime Bill
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> == Architecture, features and city layouts == File:Napoli.jpg
thumb
center
700px
A panoramic view of the Bay of Naples. :''See also, :Category:Buildings and structures in Naples
Buildings and structures in Naples'' Naples has one of the greatest density of cultural resources and monuments that include 2800 years of history (castles, fountains, churches, ancient architecture, etc.): the most prominent forms of architecture in Naples are from the Medieval architecture
Medieval, Renaissance architecture
Renaissance and Baroque architecture
Baroque periods.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.inaples.it/eng/pianta_stratificata.htm
publisher=INaples.it
title= historical centre
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> The historic centre of Naples is typically the most fruitful for architecture and is in fact listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.<ref name = "unesco"/> A striking feature of Naples is the fact that it has 448 historical churches, making it one of the most Roman Catholic Church
Catholic cities in the world.<ref name = "churches"/> === Main piazza, palaces and castles === :''See also, List of palaces in Naples'' File:Napoli piazza plebiscito.JPG
thumb
right
180px
Piazza del Plebiscito. File:Napoli-galleria umberto.jpg
thumb
left
180px
Galleria Umberto I. The central and main open Town square
city square or ''piazza'' of the city is the Piazza del Plebiscito. It was started by Bonapartist king Joachim Murat and finished by Bourbon king Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand IV. It is bounded on the east by the Royal Palace (Naples)
Royal Palace and on the west by the church of San Francesco di Paola (Naples)
San Francesco di Paola with the colonnades extending to both sides. Nearby is the Teatro di San Carlo, which is the oldest and largest opera house on the Italian peninsula.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/europe/italy/southandsicily/721025/Naples-View-across-the-Piazza-del-Plebiscito.html
publisher=Telegraph.co.uk
title= Naples: View across the Piazza del Plebiscito
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Directly across from San Carlo is Galleria Umberto I
Galleria Umberto, a shopping mall
shopping centre and active centre of Neapolitan social life in general. Naples is well-known for its historic castles: the ancient Castel Nuovo is one of the most notable architectural representatives on the city, also known as ''Maschio Capetian House of Anjou
Angioino''; it was built during the time of Charles I of Naples
Charles I, the first ever List of monarchs of Naples
king of Naples. Castel Nuovo has hosted some historical religious events: for example, in 1294, Pope Celestine V resigned as pope in a hall of the castle, and following this Pope Boniface VIII was elected pope here by the cardinal Collegium (ancient Rome)
collegium, and immediately moved to Rome. The castle which Nuovo replaced in importance was the Norman founded Castel dell'Ovo. Its name means ''Egg Castle'' and it is built on the tiny islet Megarides, where the Cumaean colonists founded the city. The third castle of note is Sant'Elmo which was completed in 1329 and is built in the shape of a star. During the uprising of Masaniello, the Spanish took refuge in Sant'Elmo to escape the revolutionaries. === Museums === {{see also
List of museums in Naples}} File:Napoli-capodimonte-royalpalace.jpg
thumb
Museo di Capodimonte
Palazzo Capodimonte. Naples hosts a wealth of historical museums and some of the most important in the country. The Naples National Archaeological Museum is one of the main museums, considered one of the most important for artifact (archaeology)
artifacts of the Roman Empire in the world.<ref name = "bestnap"/> It also hosts many of the antiques unearthed at Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as some artifacts from the Magna Graecia
Greek and Italian Renaissance
Renaissance periods.<ref name="bestnap">{{cite news
url=http://www.best.unina.it/ac07/napoli.htm
publisher=Best.unina.it
title=Napoli
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Previously a Bourbon palace, now a museum and art museum
art gallery, the Museo di Capodimonte is probably the most important in Naples. The art List of works in the Galleria Nazionale di Capodimonte
gallery features paintings from the 13th to the 18th century including major works by Simone Martini, Raphael, Titian, Caravaggio, El Greco and many others, including Neapolitan School painters Jusepe de Ribera and Luca Giordano. The royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th century furniture and a collection of porcelain and Victorian majolica
majolica from the various royal residences: the famous Capodimonte porcelain
Capodimonte Porcelain Factory was just adjacent to the palace. The Certosa di San Martino was formerly a monastery complex but is now a museum and remains one of the most visible landmarks of Naples. Displayed within the museum are Spanish and Bourbon-era artifacts, as well as displays of the nativity scene, considered to be among the finest in the world. Pietrarsa railway museum is located in the city: Naples has a proud history of rail transport
railway history and the museum features, amongst many other things, the Bayard, the first locomotive in the Italian peninsula.<ref name="railway">{{cite news
url=http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=HFrVrf1TjfQLz1blXyCDqSvFywZQx4Xvx2hbqJH3pFdT6mQhPSs2!2097620639?docId=5001632992
publisher=Questia.com
title= La dolce vita? Italy by rail, 1839-1914
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Other museums include the Villa Pignatelli and Palazzo Como, and one of Italy's national libraries (the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III) is also located in the city. === Churches, religious buildings and structures === :''See also, :Category:Churches in Naples
Churches in Naples and Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples
Archdiocese of Naples'' File:St. Januarius - Bust.jpg
thumb
140px
Bust of Januarius
Saint Januarius. Hosting the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Naples
Archdiocese of Naples, the Roman Catholic Church
Catholic faith is highly important to the people of Naples and there are hundreds of churches in the city.<ref name="churches">{{cite news
url=http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm
publisher=Red Travel
title=Naples
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The Naples Cathedral
Cathedral of Naples is the most important place of worship in the city, each year on September 19 it hosts the ''Miracle of Januarius
Saint Januarius'', the city's patron saint.<ref name = "gennaro"/> In the miracle which thousands of Neapolitans flock to witness, the dried blood of Januarius is said to turn to liquid when brought close to relics said to be of his body: this is one of the most important traditions for Neapolitans.<ref name="gennaro">{{cite news
url=http://www.splendoroftruth.com/curtjester/archives/008358.php
publisher=SplendorofTruth.com
title=Saint Gennaro
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Below is a selective list of some of the best-known churches, chapels, monastery complexes and religious structures in Naples; <div style="font-size:97%"> {
-
width="10"
valign="top"
* Santa Chiara (Naples)
Santa Chiara * San Domenico Maggiore * Gesù Nuovo * Cappella Sansevero
Sansevero Chapel * San Lorenzo Maggiore (Naples)
San Lorenzo Maggiore * Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia * Santa Donna Regina Nuova
Santa Maria Donna Regina Nuova * Santa Maria del Carmine (Naples)
Santa Maria del Carmine * Girolamini
width="30"
valign="top"
* San Ferdinando (Naples)
San Ferdinando * San Francesco di Paola (Naples)
San Francesco di Paola * San Giovanni a Carbonara * San Gregorio Armeno * Sant'Anna dei Lombardi * Sant'Eligio Maggiore * Santa Caterina a Chiaia * Santa Maria La Nova * Santa Restituta
width="30"
valign="top"
* Spires of Naples * San Pietro Martire (Naples)
San Pietro Martire * San Pietro a Maiella * San Gennaro extra Moenia * Hermitage of Camaldoli * Santissima Annunziata * Santa Caterina a Formiello * Archbishop's Palace (Naples)
Archbishop's Palace * Madre del Buon Consiglio
} </div> === Other features === File:Veduta dal Parco Virgiliano.jpg
thumb
Nisida view from Parco Virgiliano. Aside from the main ''piazza'' there are two more in the form of Piazza Dante (Naples)
Piazza Dante and Piazza dei Martiri (Naples)
Piazza dei Martiri. The latter is somewhat controversial: it originally just had a memorial to martyrs but in 1866, after the Italian unification, four lions were added, representing the four rebellions against the Bourbons.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.inaples.it/ita/dettaglio.asp?idp=92&cod=65
publisher=INaples.it
title=Piazza Dei Martiri
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Founded in 1667 by the Spanish, the San Gennaro dei Poveri is a hospital for the poor which is still in existence today. It was a forerunner of a much more ambitious project, the gigantic Ospedale L'Albergo Reale dei Poveri, Naples
Bourbon Hospice for the Poor started by Charles III of Spain
Charles III. This was for the destitute and ill of the city; it also provided a self-sufficient community where the poor would live and work: today it is no longer a hospital.<ref>{{cite book
last = Ceva Grimaldi
first = Francesco
title =Della città di Napoli dal tempo della sua fondazione sino al presente
origdate=1857
publisher = Original from Harvard University
url =http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G9DOLMIjFb4C&pg=PA521&lpg=PA521&dq=%22Albergo+Reale+dei+Poveri%22+napoli&source=web&ots=05egFpQ6ud&sig=3RORNtFCAYFyoTlBEsLVkS-u8qA&hl=en}}</ref> ====Beneath Naples==== {{main
Beneath Naples}} Naples underground geothermal zone
Underneath Naples there is a series of caves and structures created by centuries of mining, which is in part of an underground geothermal (geology)
geothermal zone. Subterranean Naples consists of old Greco-Roman reservoirs dug out from the soft tuff
tufo stone on which, and from which, the city is built. Approximately one kilometer of the many kilometers of tunnels under the city can be visited from the well known "Napoli Sotteranea" situated in the historic centre of the city in Via dei Tribunali (Naples)
Via dei Tribunali. There are also large Catacombs of San Gennaro
catacombs in and around the city and other visits such as Piscina Mirabilis, the main cistern serving the Bay of Naples during Roman times. This system of tunnels and cisterns covers most of the city and lies approximately thirty meters below ground level. Moisture levels are around 70%. During World War II, these tunnels were used as Air-raid shelter
air raid shelters and there are inscriptions in the walls which depict the suffering endured during that time. ====Parks, gardens and villas==== File:Villa floridiana Retro.jpg
thumb
left
The back of the Neoclassical Villa Floridiana, in the Vomero quarter. Of the park
public parks in Naples, the most prominent is the Villa Comunale, previously known as the Royal Garden as its building was ordered by Bourbon king Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand IV in the 1780s.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/blog19.htm
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
title=Villa Comunale
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The second most important park is Parco Virgiliano which is very green and has views towards the tiny volcanic islet of Nisida; beyond that in the distance are Procida and Ischia.<ref name="parkvirg">{{cite news
url=http://events.skyteam.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32829
publisher=SkyTeam.com
title=Parco Virgiliano
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> It was named after Virgil the classical Roman poet who is thought to be Virgil's tomb
entombed nearby.<ref name="parkvirg"/> There was also a tomb of greatness in Naples that Villa Comunale found in 1832. There are also many attractive villas in Naples, such as the Neoclassical Villa Floridiana, built in 1816. ====Around Naples==== The islands of Procida, (famously used as the set for much of the film ''Il Postino''), Capri and Ischia can all be reached quickly by hydrofoils and ferries. Sorrento, Italy
Sorrento and the Amalfi Coast are situated south of Naples. The Roman ruins of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae (destroyed in the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius) are also nearby. As well, Naples is near the volcanic area known as the Campi Flegrei and the port towns of Pozzuoli and Baiae
Baia, which were part of the vast Roman naval facility, Portus Julius. == Geography == In the area surrounding Naples are the islands of Procida, Capri and Ischia, which are reached by hydrofoils and ferries. Sorrento and the Amalfi Coast are situated south of Naples. The Roman ruins of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae, which were destroyed in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius
Vesuvius in 79 AD, are also nearby. Naples is also near the volcanic area known as the Campi Flegrei and the port towns of Pozzuoli and Baiae
Baia, which were part of the vast Roman naval facility, Portus Julius. === Quarters === File:Quarters of Naples.png
325px
thumb
right
Quarters of Naples <div style="font-size:91%"> {
-
width="10"
valign="top"
1. Pianura<br /> 2. Bagnoli<br /> 3. Posillipo<br /> 4. Fuorigrotta<br /> 5. Soccavo<br /> 6. Chiaiano<br /> 7. Arenella<br /> 8. Vomero<br /> 9. Chiaia<br /> 10. San Ferdinando (Naples)
San Ferdinando<br />
width="30"
valign="top"
11. Montecalvario<br /> 12. San Giuseppe (Naples)
San Giuseppe<br /> 13. Avvocata<br /> 14. Porto (Naples)
Porto<br /> 15. Pendino<br /> 16. San Lorenzo (Naples)
San Lorenzo<br /> 17. Mercato (Naples)
Mercato<br /> 18. Vicaria<br /> 19. Stella (Naples)
Stella<br /> 20. San Carlo all'Arena<br />
width="30"
valign="top"
21. Piscinola-Marianella<br /> 22. Scampìa<br /> 23. Miano<br /> 24. Secondigliano<br /> 25. San Pietro a Patierno
S.Pietro a Patierno<br /> 26. Poggioreale-Zona Industriale
Poggioreale<br /> 27. Poggioreale-Zona Industriale
Zona Industriale<br /> 28. San Giovanni a Teduccio<br /> 29. Barra (Naples)
Barra<br /> 30. Ponticelli, Italy
Ponticelli<br />
width="30"
valign="top"
} </div> Shown above are the thirty quarters of Naples: these thirty neighbourhoods or "quartiere" as they are known, are grouped together into ten governmental community boards.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.palapa.it/palapadnn/Quartieri/tabid/52/Default.aspx
publisher=Palapa.it
title=Quartieri
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> === Climate === Naples enjoys a typical Mediterranean climate with mild, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The mild climate and the geographical richness of the Gulf of Naples
bay of Naples made it famous during Roman times, when emperors chose the city as a favourite holiday location. {{Infobox Weather
metric_first= Yes
single_line= Yes
location = Naples
Jan_Hi_°C =12.5
Feb_Hi_°C =13.2
Mar_Hi_°C =15.2
Apr_Hi_°C =18.2
May_Hi_°C =22.6
Jun_Hi_°C =26.2
Jul_Hi_°C =29.3
Aug_Hi_°C =29.5
Sep_Hi_°C =26.3
Oct_Hi_°C =21.8
Nov_Hi_°C =17.0
Dec_Hi_°C =13.6
Year_Hi_°C = 20.4
Jan_Lo_°C = 3.8
Feb_Lo_°C = 4.3
Mar_Lo_°C = 5.9
Apr_Lo_°C = 8.3
May_Lo_°C = 12.1
Jun_Lo_°C = 15.6
Jul_Lo_°C = 18.0
Aug_Lo_°C = 17.9
Sep_Lo_°C = 15.3
Oct_Lo_°C = 11.6
Nov_Lo_°C = 7.7
Dec_Lo_°C = 5.1
Year_Lo_°C = 10.4
Jan_MEAN_°C = 8.1
Feb_MEAN_°C = 8.7
Mar_MEAN_°C = 10.5
Apr_MEAN_°C = 13.2
May_MEAN_°C = 17.3
Jun_MEAN_°C = 20.9
Jul_MEAN_°C = 23.6
Aug_MEAN_°C = 23.7
Sep_MEAN_°C = 20.8
Oct_MEAN_°C = 16.7
Nov_MEAN_°C = 12.3
Dec_MEAN_°C = 9.3
Year_MEAN_°C = 15.4
Jan_Precip_days = 9.9
Feb_Precip_days = 9.8
Mar_Precip_days = 9.5
Apr_Precip_days = 8.8
May_Precip_days = 5.7
Jun_Precip_days = 4.0
Jul_Precip_days = 2.3
Aug_Precip_days = 3.8
Sep_Precip_days = 5.8
Oct_Precip_days = 8.1
Nov_Precip_days = 10.8
Dec_Precip_days = 10.7
Year_Precip_days = 89.2
Jan_Precip_mm = 104.4
Feb_Precip_mm = 97.9
Mar_Precip_mm = 85.7
Apr_Precip_mm = 75.5
May_Precip_mm = 49.6
Jun_Precip_mm = 34.1
Jul_Precip_mm = 24.3
Aug_Precip_mm = 41.6
Sep_Precip_mm = 80.3
Oct_Precip_mm = 129.7
Nov_Precip_mm = 162.1
Dec_Precip_mm = 121.4
Year_Precip_mm = 1006.6
source = World Meteorological Organization (United Nations
UN)<ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm
title=Weather Information for Naples
dateformat=mdy
accessdate=}}</ref>
accessdate = }} == Demographics == {{Historical populations
type =
footnote = Source: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica
ISTAT 2001
1861
484026
1871
489008
1881
535206
1901
621213
1911
751290
1921
859629
1931
831781
1936
865913
1951
1010550
1961
1182815
1971
1226594
1981
1212387
1991
1067365
2001
1004500
2009
962638 }} The population of the centre area (municipality - comune di Napoli) is around one million people. Its greater Naples metropolitan area
metropolitan area, sometimes known as ''Greater Naples'' has an additional population of 4.4 million and include all the province and over; the towns which are usually included within this area are Arzano, Casandrino, Casavatore, Casoria, Cercola, Marano di Napoli, Melito di Napoli, Mugnano di Napoli, Portici, Pozzuoli, Quarto (NA)
Quarto, San Giorgio a Cremano, San Sebastiano al Vesuvio, Volla (NA)
Volla.<ref name = "demog"/> The demographic profile for the Neapolitan province in general is quite young: 19% are under age 14, while 13% are over 65, compared to the national average of 14% and 19%, respectively.<ref name = "demog"/> There is a higher percentage of females (52.4%) than males (47.6%).{{Citation needed
date=October 2009}} Naples currently has a higher birth rate than other parts of Italy with 10.46 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://demo.istat.it/bil2007/index.html
publisher=ISTAT.it
title=Demographics
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Unlike many northern Italian cities there are far fewer immigrants in Naples. 98.5% of the people are Italians. In 2006, there were a total of 19,188 foreigners in the actual city of Naples; the majority of foreigners are Eastern European, coming particularly from Ukraine, Poland and the Balkans.<ref name="istat">{{cite news
url=http://demo.istat.it/str2006/query.php?lingua=ita&Rip=S4&Reg=R15&Pro=P063&Com=49&paese=A9999&submit=Tavola
publisher=ISTAT
title=Commune Napoli
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Non-Europeans in general are very low in number, however there are some small Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
Sri Lankan and East Asian immigrant communities. Statistics show that the vast majority of immigrants are female; this is because male workers tend to head North.<ref name="demog">{{cite news
url=http://faculty.ed.umuc.edu/~jmatthew/naples/demographics.htm
publisher=Faculty.ed.umuc.edu
title=Demographics of Naples
date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref name="istat"/> == Education == File:FedericoII.jpg
thumb
left
220px
The University of Naples Federico II State Palace. There are many public and private institutions of higher education in Naples, as well as numerous institutes and research centres. Naples hosts what is thought to be the oldest state university in the world in the form of the University of Naples Federico II, which was founded by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II during 1224.<ref name="oldestuni">{{cite news
url=http://www.scholarshipnet.info/postgraduate/italy-phd-scholarships-in-various-fields-at-university-of-naples-federico-ii/
publisher=ScholarshipNet.info
title=Italy: PhD Scholarships in Various Fields at University of Naples-Federico II
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> It is by far the most important university in southern Italy, with around 100,000 students and over 3000 professors.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.international.unina.it/contenuto.php?id_group=6&id_pag=20
publisher=UNINA.it
title=University of Naples "Federico II"
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> Part of the university is the important Botanical Garden of Naples which was opened in 1807 by Joseph Bonaparte
Giuseppe Bonaparte (using Bourbon Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
king Ferdinand IV's plans). Its 15 hectares feature around 25,000 samples of vegetation, covering about 10,000 plant species.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.ortobotanico.unina.it/VerInglese/pstoria/StoriaE.htm
publisher=OrtoBotanico.UNINA.it
title=Orto Botanico di Napoli
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> People from the city are also served by the ''Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli'', the second most important university of the city, opened far more recently in 1989, which, despite its name, has strong links to the nearby province of Caserta.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.napoliaffari.com/napoliaffari/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=72&Itemid=255
publisher=NapoliAffari.com
title=Scuola: Le Università
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> A unique centre of education in the city is the ''Naples Eastern University
Istituto Universitario Orientale'' which specialises in Eastern world
Eastern culture, founded by Society of Jesus
Jesuit missionary Matteo Ripa in 1732 after he returned from work in the court of Kangxi Emperor
Kangxi Emperor of China
Emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China proper
China.<ref>{{cite book
last = Ripa
first = Matteo
title =Memoirs of Father Ripa: During Thirteen Years Residence at the Court of Peking in the Service of the Emperor of China
publisher = New York Public Library
url =http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=ex8LAAAAYAAJ&dq=Memoirs+of+Father+Ripa&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=rVFFQpa8Ek&sig=zcDxirkCkKt9DLQKRnK7n7FavpY}}</ref> There are other prominent universities in Naples too, such as the Parthenope University of Naples, the private Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples
Istituto Universitario ''Suor Orsola Benincasa'' and the Jesuit-run San Luigi Papal Theological Seminary of Southern Italy
Theological Seminary of Southern Italy.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.pftim.it/storia.php
publisher=PFTIM.it
title=Pontificia Facoltà Teologica dell'Italia Meridionale
date=7 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.unisob.na.it/universita/facolta/formazione/index.htm
publisher=UNISOB.na.it
title=Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa - Napoli
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> In keeping with its strong musical legacy, Naples has a place to study music in the form of the Music conservatories of Naples
San Pietro a Maiella music conservatory. The earliest music conservatories of Naples go back to the 1500s under the Spain
Spanish rule.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.sanpietroamajella.it/en/inf_cs_storia.html?ocs=1&rss=3
publisher=SanPietroaMajella.it
title=History
date=7 October 2007}}</ref> == Governance == {{Main
Politics of Campania}} === Politics === Each of the 8,101 ''comune'' in Italy is today represented locally by an elected mayor and a city council, known as a ''sindaco'' and informally called the first citizen. This system or one very similar to it, has been in place since 1808 with the invasion of the Napoleon I of France
Napoleonic forces. When the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was restored, the system was kept in place with members of the nobility such as Dukes and Marquesses filling the role. By the end of the 19th century as part of Italy, political party
party politics had begun to emerge; during the Italian Fascism
fascist era each commune was represented by a ''podestà''. During the post-war period, the political landscape of Naples has been neither strongly right nor left — both Christian democracy
Christian democracts and democratic socialism
democratic socialists have filled the position at different times with roughly equal frequency. Currently the mayor of Naples is Rosa Russo Iervolino of The Olive Tree (political coalition)
The Olive Tree, she has held the position since 2001.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.comuni-italiani.it/063/049/amm.html
publisher=Comuni-Italiani.it
title=Amministrazione Napoli
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> === Administrative subdivisions === {
class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
- style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;" ! Map !! Municipality !! Population !! President !! Quarters</tr>
rowspan=11
File:Municipalities of Naples.gif
300px
-
I
84,067
Fabio Chiosi
Chiaia, Posillipo & San Ferdinando (Naples)
San Ferdinando
-
II
91,536
Alberto Patruno
Montecalvario, San Giuseppe (Naples)
San Giuseppe, Avvocata, Porto (Naples)
Porto, Pendino & Mercato (Naples)
Mercato
-
III
103,633
Alfonso Principe
Stella (Naples)
Stella & San Carlo all'Arena
-
IV
96,078
David Lebro
San Lorenzo (Naples)
San Lorenzo, Vicaria, Poggioreale-Zona Industriale
Poggioreale & Poggioreale-Zona Industriale
Zona Industriale
-
V
119,978
Mario Coppeto
Arenella & Vomero
-
VI
84,067
Anna Cozzino
San Giovanni a Teduccio, Barra (Naples)
Barra & Ponticelli, Italy
Ponticelli
-
VII
91,460
Giuseppe Esposito
Miano, Secondigliano & San Pietro a Patierno
S.Pietro a Patierno
-
VIII
92,616
Carmine Malinconico
Chiaiano, Piscinola-Marianella & Scampìa
-
IX
106,299
Fabio Tirelli
Pianura & Soccavo
-
X
101,192
Giuseppe Balzamo
Bagnoli & Fuorigrotta
} == Economy == {{Main
Economy of Naples}} File:Centrodirpan.JPG
thumb
Centro Direzionale, Napoli business centre. Naples is Italy's fourth most important city for economic strength, coming after Rome, Milan and Turin. It is the world's 91st richest city by purchasing power, with a GDP of $43 billion.<ref name="citymayors.com"/> Were Naples a country, it would have the world's 68th biggest economy, near the size of that of Qatar. The economy of Naples and its closest surrounding area is based largely in tourism, commerce, industry and agriculture; Naples also acts as a busy Container terminal
cargo terminal, and the port of Naples is one of the Mediterranean's biggest and most important. The city has had a remarkable economic growth since the war, and unemployment in the region has gone down dramatically since 1999.<ref name="epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu"/> Naples used to be a busy industrial city, though many of the factories are no longer there, and Naples is still characterized by high levels of Political corruption
corruption and organized crime. In recent times, there has been a move away from traditional agriculture-based economy in the province to one based on Tertiary sector of the economy
service industries.<ref name="istituto">{{cite news
url=http://www.cnr.it/istituti/Libri.html?cds=093&id=1617
publisher=Istituto ISSM
title=Rapporto sullo stato dell'economia della Provincia di Napoli
date=2008-01-08}}</ref> In early 2002 there were over 249,590 enterprises operating in the province of Naples registered in the Chamber of Commerce Public Register.<ref name="istituto"/> This sector employs the majority of the people, though more than half of these are small enterprises with fewer than 20 workers; 70 companies are medium-sized with more than 200 workers; and 15 have more than 500 workers.<ref name="istituto"/> Employment in the province of Naples in different sectors breaks down as follows:<ref name="istituto"/> {
class="wikitable"
- ! ! <small>Public services</small> ! <small>Manufacturing</small> ! <small>Commerce</small> ! <small>Construction</small> ! <small>Transportation</small> ! <small>Financial services</small> ! <small>Agriculture</small> ! <small>Hotel
Hotel trade</small> ! <small>Other activities</small>
-
<small>Percentage</small>
30.7%
18%
14%
9.5%
8.2%
7.4%
5.1%
3.7%
3.4%
} == Transport == File:Trasportib.jpg
thumb
right
Metropolitana di Napoli
Naples Metro map. Naples is well connected in regards to major motorways, known in Italy as ''autostrada''. From Naples all the way north to Milan is the Autostrada A1 (Italy)
A1 known as ''autostrada del Sole'' (motorway of the sun), the longest transalpine Autostrade of Italy
motorway on the peninsula.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.onestopitaly.com/allitalydriving.html
publisher=OneStopItaly.com
title=Driving around Italy
date=2007-06-26}}</ref> There are other motorways from Naples too, such as the Autostrada A3 (Italy)
A3 which goes southwards to Salerno where the motorway to Reggio Calabria begins, as well as the A16 which goes across east to Canosa di Puglia
Canosa.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A3
publisher=AISCAT.it
title=A3
date=2007-06-26}}</ref> The latter is called the ''autostrada dei Due Mari'' (motorway of the Two Seas) because it connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Adriatic Sea.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.aiscat.it/inautostrada/tratta.htm?ck=1&nome=autostrade&idl=4&aut_id=A16
publisher=AISCAT.it
title=A16 - Autostrada dei due Mari
date=2007-06-26}}</ref> Within the actual city itself there are many public transport services, including trams, buses, funiculars and trolleybuses.<ref name = "transportnap"/> Three public elevators are active within the bridge of Chiaia, in via Acton and nearby the Sanità Bridge.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.turismoaccessibile.it/trasporti.htm
publisher=Turismoaccessibile.it
title: Easy Access Transport options for persons with motion problems
date =2009-06-18}}</ref> Naples also has its own Metropolitana di Napoli
Naples Metro, the underground rapid transit rail transport
railway system of the city which has integrated into one single service system the several railways lines of Naples and its List of Naples metro stations
metro stations.<ref name="transportnap">{{cite news
url=http://goeurope.about.com/cs/italy/p/naples_trans.htm
publisher=GoEurope.com
title=Naples Italy Transportation Options
date=2007-06-26}}</ref> Regional rail
Suburban rail services are provided by Trenitalia, Circumvesuviana, Ferrovia Cumana and Metronapoli. File:Spanish Quarter traffic.JPG
thumb
left
Spanish Quarters traffic. The main general train station of the city is Napoli Centrale railway station
Napoli Centrale, which is located in Piazza Garibaldi; another significant station is the Napoli Campi Flegrei.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.raileurope.com/us/train_stations/naples.htm
publisher=RailEurope.com
title=The Naples Train Station-Napoli Centrale
date=2007-06-26}}</ref> Naples has lots of narrow streets, so the general public commonly use compact hatchback cars and scooter (motorcycle)
scooters are especially common.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.marriott.co.uk/city-guide/uk-city-overview.mi?cityId=42&guideType=getting_there
publisher=Marriott.co.uk
title=Naples - City Insider
date=2007-06-26}}</ref> Naples is now connected to Rome by a Rome–Naples high-speed railway line
high-speed railway with trains running at almost {{convert
300
km/h
mph
0
abbr=on}}, reducing journey time to under an hour; the system was introduced in 2007.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/italy/
publisher=Railway-Technology.com
title=High Speed Rail Operations, Italy
date=2007-06-26}}</ref> The port of Naples has several ferry, hydrofoil and Catamaran#SWATH
SWATH catamarans services open to the general public, most of which are to places within the province of Naples
Neapolitan province such as Capri, Ischia and Sorrento, or the Province of Salerno
Salernitan province, such as Salerno, Positano and Amalfi.<ref name = "ferry"/> There are however some which go to destinations further afield, such as Sicily, Sardinia, Ponza and the Aeolian Islands.<ref name="ferry">{{cite news
url=http://www.italyheaven.co.uk/campania/ferries.html
publisher=ItalyHeaven.co.uk
title=Ferries from Naples
date=2007-06-26}}</ref> There are many Business
enterprises at the port, which is important for transferring cargo and is a growing centre of commerce in general. Within the scope of suburb San Pietro a Patierno is the Naples International Airport, the most important airport in southern Italy, which serves millions of people each year with around 140 flights arriving or departing daily.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.portal.gesac.it/portal/page/portal/internet/notahomepage-eng.pdf
publisher=Gesac.it
title=Naples International Airport
date=2007-06-26
format=PDF}}</ref> == Culture == ===Cuisine===<!-- This section is linked from Pizza --> {{Main
Neapolitan cuisine}} File:Traditional pizza from Napoli.jpg
190px
thumb
right
"Pizza Margherita" Traditional Neapolitan pizza. The city has a long history of producing a variety of famous Neapolitan cuisine
dishes and wines; it draws its influence from different civilisations which have ruled the city at various times such as the Greeks, Spain
Spanish and France
French.<ref name = "eaton"/> Neapolitan cuisine emerged completely as its own distinct form in the 18th century.<ref name="eaton">{{cite news
url=http://www.eat-online.net/italian/habits/italian_habits.htm
publisher=eat-oline.net
title=La cucina tradizionale napoletana
date=24 June 2007}}</ref> The ingredients are typically rich in taste while remaining affordable to the general populace.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.italianfoodforever.com/iff/articles.asp?id=55
publisher=ItalianFoodForever.com
title=The Foods Of Sicily - A Culinary Journey
date=24 June 2007}}</ref> Perhaps the best-known aspect of Neapolitan cooking is its rich savoury dishes. Naples is traditionally held as the home of pizza.<ref name = "pizza"/> This originated as a meal of the poor, but under Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand IV it became better known: famously, the Pizza
Margherita was named after Margherita of Savoy
Queen Margherita after a visit to the city.<ref name="pizza">{{cite news
url=http://www.holidaycityflash.com/italy/pizza_naples.htm
publisher=HolidayCityFlash.com
title=Pizza - The Pride of Naples
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Cooked traditionally in a wood-burning Masonry oven
oven, ingredients are strictly regulated by a law dating from 2004, and must be composed of wheat flour type "00" with the addition of flour type "0" yeast, natural water, peeled tomatoes or fresh cherry tomatoes, marine salt, and extra virgin olive oil.<ref name="pizza">{{cite news
url=http://www.fornobravo.com/vera_pizza_napoletana/VPN_spec.html}}</ref> Spaghetti is associated with the city and is commonly eaten with the sauce Neapolitan ragù
ragù: a Neapolitan symbol is folklore figure Pulcinella eating a plate of spaghetti.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.portanapoli.com/Ita/Cucina/cucina.html
publisher=PortaNapoli.com
title=La cucina napoletana
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Others include ''parmigiana
parmigiana di melanzane'', ''mozzarella'', ''spaghetti alle vongole'' and ''casatiello''.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.cucinet.com/campania.htm
publisher=CuciNet.com
title=Campania
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Naples also has some famous Sweetness
sweet dishes, including colourful gelato, similar though more fruit-based than ice cream.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4179/is_20020530/ai_n11781129
publisher=Topeka Capital-Journal
title=Healthy treat: Napoli's Gelato serves up an Italian dessert
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Some of the pastry dishes include: ''zeppole'', ''Rum baba
babà'', ''sfogliatelle'' and ''pastiera'', the latter of which is prepared especially for Easter.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.emmeti.it/Cucina/Campania/Prodotti/Campania.PRO.79.uk.html
publisher=Emmeti.it
title=Campania - Cakes and Desserts
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Another seasonal sweet is ''struffoli'', a sweet tasting honey dough decorated and eaten around Christmas.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://italianfood.about.com/od/tastysweettreats/r/blr0359.htm
publisher=About.com
title=Struffoli - Neapolitan Christmas Treats
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Naples is also worldwide famous for its neapolitan coffee, made with historical neapolitan coffee pot called "cuccuma" or [http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuccumella cuccumella], which then lead the invention of Espresso coffee machine and inspired Moka Express coffee pot. Many little industries for roasting and grounding coffee beans mixed from the best coffee qualities produced worldwide are present in the territory of Naples. There are some beverages from Naples also: it produces wines from the Vesuvius area such as ''Lacryma Christi'' ("tear of Christ") and ''Terzigno''. Also from Naples is ''limoncello'' the highly popular lemon liqueur.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art24322.asp
publisher=BellaOnline.com
title=Lacryma Christi - A Legendary Wine
date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.pizzatoday.com/behindthebar_articles.shtml?article=MjYwM3N1cGVyMjYwMHNlY3JldDI2MDc=
publisher=PizzaToday.com
title=Limoncello
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> === Film === Naples has been the setting in literature and in film. Comedies set in Naples include ''It Started in Naples'' and Dino Risi's ''Profumo di donna
Scent of a Woman.'' === Language === {{main
Neapolitan language}} The city of Naples has developed its own language, the Naples dialect, which is mainly spoken in the city, and the region of Campania, has also been diffused in other areas of Southern Italy. On October 14, 2008 a law by the Region of Campania stated that the Neapolitan language had to be protected.<ref>[http://www.denaro.it/VisArticolo.aspx?IdArt=548026 Article in Italian language of Il Denaro]</ref> The name is often given to the varied Italo-Western languages
Italo-Western group of dialects of Southern Italy; for example Ethnologue groups the dialects as a separate Romance language called ''Napoletano-Calabrese''.<ref name="Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=nap Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese]</ref> This linguistic group is spoken throughout most of southern continental Italy, including the Gaeta and Sora, Italy
Sora districts of southern Lazio, the southern part of Marche and Abruzzo, Molise, Basilicata, northern Calabria, and northern and central Puglia. As of 1976, there were 7,047,399 theoretical first language
native speakers of this group of dialects.<ref name="Ethnologue Napoletano-Calabrese"/> === Music === {{Main
Music of Naples
Canzone Napoletana}} File:PulcinellaGuitar.jpg
thumb
Pulcinella with a guitar. Naples has played an important and vibrant role over the centuries in the general history of western Classical music
European musical traditions.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://pveout.area.na.cnr.it/NIG/Naples.html
publisher=AgendaOnline.it
title=Naples
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The history of Naples as a strong musical power can be traced back to the time of Spanish rule where organised music conservatories of Naples were first introduced. It was during the late Baroque music
Baroque period that Alessandro Scarlatti (father of Domenico Scarlatti) established the Neapolitan school of opera; this was in the form of opera seria which was a new development for its time.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.timelineindex.com/content/select/1462/912,1,107,1462
publisher=TimelineIndex.com
title=Timeline: Opera
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Another form of opera originating in Naples is opera buffa, a comic opera strongly linked to Giovanni Battista Pergolesi
Battista Pergolesi and Niccolò Piccinni
Piccinni; later Gioachino Rossini
Rossini and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Mozart would use the genre.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://classicalmusic.about.com/od/operafaq/f/ofaq9.htm
publisher=ClassicalMusic.About.com
title=What is opera buffa?
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The grandiose Teatro di San Carlo built in 1737, the oldest working theatre in Europe, was the operatic centre of the city and remains so to this day.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=33089
publisher=WhatsOnWhen.com
title=Teatro San Carlo
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> The earliest six-string guitar was created by a Neapolitan named Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779 (known as the romantic guitar); the Vinaccia family had also developed the mandolin.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.earlyromanticguitar.com
publisher=EarlyRomanticGuiar.com
title=Vinaccia 1779
date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
last = Tyler
first = James
title =The Guitar and Its Music: From the Renaissance to the Classical Era
publisher = Routledge
url =http://books.google.com/books?id=XQgVGIGnBrUC&dq=the+guitar+and+its+music+from+the+renaissance+to+the+classical+era&pg=PP1&ots=mS_k55uNxn&sig=syqLLjgLcqx6Cq9PJTWTH8HUz1Q&hl=en&prev=http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&safe=off&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-GB:official&hs=Bks&q=The+Guitar+and+Its+Music:+From+the+Renaissance+to+the+Classical+Era+&btnG=Search&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail
isbn = 019816713X}}</ref> Along with the Spanish, Neapolitans became pioneers of classical guitar music with Ferdinando Carulli and Mauro Giuliani being prominent exponents.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.jodrellbank.manchester.ac.uk/~agg/guitar/#giuliani
publisher=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers
title=Cyclopaedia of Classical Guitar Composers
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Giuliani was actually from further south in the Kingdom of Naples – Apulia - but had moved to Naples; Giuliani is considered to be one of the greatest guitarist
guitar players and composers of the 19th century, along with his great Catalonia
Catalan contemporary Fernando Sor.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.lagunaguitars.com/library.html
publisher=LagunaGuitars.com
title=The Masters of Classical Guitar
date=8 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.finefretted.com/html/starobin_plays_sor_and_giulian.html
publisher=FineFretted.com
title=Starobin Plays Sor and Giuliani
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Another Neapolitan musician
musical artist who had an impact on the world stage is opera singer Enrico Caruso, one of the most famous and respected tenors of all time:<ref>{{cite news
url=http://student.britannica.com/comptons/article-9273542/Enrico-Caruso
publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
title=Enrico Caruso
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> he was considered a man of the people in Naples and came from a working class background.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.grandi-tenori.com/tenors/caruso.php
publisher=Grandi-Tenori.com
title=Enrico Caruso
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Perhaps the most well known part of Neapolitan music is the ''Canzone Napoletana'' style, essentially the traditional music of the city with a repertoire of hundreds of folklore
folk songs, some of which can be traced back to the 1200s.<ref name = "festadipied"/> The songs '''O Sole Mio
O sole mio'' and ''Funiculì, Funiculà
Funiculì Funiculà'' are part of this style and are known far and wide outside of Naples. The genre became a formal institution in 1835 thanks to the introduction of the annual ''Festival of Piedigrotta'' songwriting competition.<ref name="festadipied">{{cite news
url=http://www.festadipiedigrotta.it/eng/storia/storia.htm
publisher=FestaDiPiedigrotta.it
title=History
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> Some of the best-known recording artists in this field includes Roberto Murolo, Sergio Bruni and Renato Carosone.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.naplesmylove.com/artisti_classici_napoletani.html
publisher=NaplesMyLove.com
title=Artisti classici napoletani
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> There are other forms of music played in Naples which are not well known outside the area but hugely popular within it, such as ''cantautore'' (singer-songwriter) and ''sceneggiata'', which has been described as a musical theatre
musical soap opera; the most well known artist of this style is Mario Merola.<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2006/dec/07/guardianobituaries.italy
publisher=Guardian.co.uk
title=Mario Merola
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> === Sports === File:SSC Napoli - N.jpg
thumb
SSC Napoli's badge on the pitch. Association football
Football is by far the most popular sport in Naples. Brought to the city by the English people
English during the early 1900s,<ref name="early history">{{cite news
url=http://napoli2000.etereanetwork.com/StoriaClub_Albori.asp
publisher=Napoli2000.com
title=Storia Del Club, by Pietro Gentile and Valerio Rossano
date=23 June 2007}}</ref> it is deeply embedded in local culture: it is played by everyone from the ''scugnizzi'' (street children of Naples) to professional level. The best-known club from the city is S.S.C. Napoli
SSC Napoli who play at the ''Stadio San Paolo'' in Fuorigrotta. They play in the Serie A league and won the ''Scudetto'' twice during the time of Diego Maradona.They have also won the UEFA Cup before.<ref name=calcionap>{{cite news
url=http://www.calcionapolinet.com/storia.asp
publisher=CalcioNapoliNet.com
title=Storia
date=26 June 2007}}</ref> The city has produced numerous professional players, the most famous of whom are Ciro Ferrara and Fabio Cannavaro. Cannavaro is the current national team captain and led Italy national football team
Italy to the 2006 FIFA World Cup
2006 World Cup as captain and was FIFA World Player of the Year
World Player of the Year. Some of the smaller clubs from the city include F.C. Sporting Neapolis Mugnano
Sporting Neapolis and Internapoli Camaldoli S.S.D.
Internapoli who play at the ''Stadio Arturo Collana''. The city also has participants in other sports though less popular: Basket Napoli
Eldo Napoli represent the city in basketball's variation of Serie A (basketball)
Serie A playing at Bagnoli. Partenope Rugby are the best-known rugby union side, winning the rugby version of Serie A (rugby union)
Serie A twice. Other sports played to some extent include water polo, horse racing and sailing. As well as fencing, boxing, taekwondo and other martial arts. The "Accademia Nazionale di Scherma" (National Academy and Fence School of Naples) is the only place in Italy where the titles "Master of Sword" and "Master of Kendo" can be obtained.<ref name=fencing>{{cite news
url=http://www.accademianazionalescherma.it/
title=Fencing
date=12 June 2008}}</ref> === Notable people === {{MultiCol}} * Statius (45 – 96), poet * Pope Boniface V (died 625), pope * Pope Urban VI (1318–1389), pope * Joan I of Naples (1328–1382), queen * Pope Boniface IX (1356–1404), pope * Alfonso II of Naples (1448–1495), king * Jacopo Sannazaro (1458–1530), poet * Pirro Ligorio (1510–1583), architect * Luca Valerio (1552–1618), mathematician * Giambattista Marino (1569–1625), poet * Salvator Rosa (1615–1673), poet, satirist, painter * Francesco Antonio Picchiati (1619–1694), architect * Masaniello (1622–1647), revolutionary * Gennaro Annese (1604–1648), revolutionary * Luca Giordano (1634–1705), painter * Ludovico Sabbatini (1650–1724), religious teacher, priest * Giambattista Vico (1668–1744), philosopher * Ferdinando Sanfelice (1675–1748), painter * Domenico Antonio Vaccaro (1678–1745) architect, painter * Domenico Scarlatti (1685–1757), composer * Nicola Porpora (1686–1768), composer * Alphonsus Liguori (1696–1787), saint, writer * Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (1751–1825), king * Gaetano Filangieri (1752–1788), jurist {{ColBreak}} * Raffaele Sacco (1787–1872), poet, inventor, lyricist * Salvadore Cammarano (1801–1852), librettist, poet, playwright * Domenico Morelli (1823–1901), painter * John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton
Lord Acton (1834–1902), historian * Peppino Turco (1846–1907), songwriter, journalist * Lamont Young (Naples)
Lamont Young (1851–1929), architect * Vincenzo Gemito (1852–1929), sculptor * Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857–1919), composer * Salvatore Di Giacomo (1860–1934), poet * Ferdinando Russo (1866–1927), poet, journalist, writer * Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1869–1947), king * Enrico Caruso (1873–1921), opera singer * Enrico De Nicola (1877–1959), president, jurist, journalist * Totò (1898–1967), actor * Eduardo De Filippo (1900–1984), actor, writer * Renato Caccioppoli (1904–1959), mathematician * Renato Carosone (1920–2001), singer-songwriter, musician * Giorgio Napolitano (1925 – ), politician, president * Mario Merola (1934–2005), singer * Michele Campanella (1947 – ), pianist and conductor * Massimo Troisi (1953–1994), actor * Pino Daniele (1955 – ), singer-songwriter, musician * Fabio Cannavaro (1973 – ), World Cup-winning footballer * Antonio Di Natale (1977 – ), national footballer * Massimiliano Rosolino (1978 – ), swimmer, olympian * Roberto Saviano (1979 – ), journalist, writer * Pasquale Foggia (1983 - ), national footballer * Salvatore Bocchetti (1986 - ), national footballer {{EndMultiCol}} ==International relations== {{Infobox World Heritage Site
WHS = Historic Centre of Naples
Image = File:Via Toledo1.jpg
250px
State Party = {{ITA}}
Type = Cultural
Criteria = ii, iv
ID = 726
Region = List of World Heritage Sites in Europe
Europe
Year = 1995
Session = 19th
Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/726 }} {{See also
List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy}} ===Twin towns — Sister cities=== Naples is involved in town twinning (known as ''gemellaggio'' in Italian), a mutual partnership with several cities. Below are partner cities listed on the official website of the city of Naples;<ref>{{cite news
url=http://www.comune.napoli.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/5931
publisher=Comune di Napoli
title=Gemellaggi
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> {
cellpadding="10"
- valign="top"
* {{flagicon
Japan}} Kagoshima in Japan<ref>Kagoshimais the main sister-twin city of Naples. Naples has entitled one of its streets to the Japanese city.</ref> * {{flagicon
United Kingdom}} London in England * {{flagicon
United States}} Miami in United States * {{flagicon
Azerbaijan}} Baku in Azerbaijan * {{flagicon
Greece}} Athens in Greece * {{flagicon
Hungary}} Budapest in Hungary<ref>{{cite web
title=Sister City - Budapest
publisher=Official website of New York City
url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/budapest_main.shtml
accessdate=2008-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
title=Sister cities of Budapest
language=Hungarian
publisher=Official Website of Budapest
url=http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok
accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref> * {{flagicon
Romania}} Calarasi in Romania * {{flagicon
Tunisia}} Gafsa in Tunisia * {{flagicon
India}} Kolkata in India
* {{flagicon
Palestine}} Nablus in Palestine * {{flagicon
Madagascar}} Nosy Be in Madagascar * {{flagicon
Spain}} Palma (Majorca)
Palma de Mallorca in Spain * {{flagicon
Cuba}} Santiago de Cuba in Cuba * {{flagicon
Cuba}} Santiago de Cuba Province in Cuba * {{flagicon
Romania}} Sighetu Marmatiei in Romania * {{flagicon
Venezuela}} Valencia, Carabobo in Venezuela * {{flagicon
Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 1964<ref name="Twin 1">{{cite web
url=http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147
title=Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site
publisher=<small>copyright
© City of Sarajevo 2001-2008
accessdate=2008-11-09}}</small></ref>
} Since 1995, the historic centre of Naples has been listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, a programme which aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding culture
cultural or nature
natural importance to the common heritage of mankind. The deciding committee who evaluate potential candidates described Naples' centre as being "of exceptional value", and went on to say that Naples' "setting on the Gulf of Naples
Bay of Naples gives it an outstanding universal value which has had a profound influence".<ref name="unesco">{{cite news
url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom95.htm#726
publisher=UNESCO
title=Historic Centre of Naples
date=8 January 2008}}</ref> == See also == {{sisterlinks
Naples}} * Neapolitan language * Neapolitan Mastiff * Sirenuse * List of radio stations in Naples * Naples waste management issue * Camorra == References == {{Reflist
colwidth=30em}} == External links == * [http://www.comune.napoli.it City Council's website] {{Regional Capitals of Italy}} {{World Heritage Sites in Italy}} {{Province of Naples}} Category:Naples
Category:Settlements established in the 7th century BC Category:Ancient Greek cities Category:Baroque sites of Campania Category:Cumaean colonies Category:Renaissance sites of Campania Category:World Heritage Sites in Italy Category:Cities and towns in Campania Category:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Italy {{Link FA
es}} {{Link FA
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